This is CBS, I and the World. I'm John Bachelor of my friend and colleague,

Malcolm Hoanline Conference of Presidents, Major American Jewish Organizations,

and we're very pleased to welcome Dr Daphne Richmond Baroc,

tenured assistant professor at Reichman University, the author most recently of

Underground Warfare, published by Oxford University Press in 2018.

Dr. Daphne, a very good evening to you.

Underground warfare, tunnel warfare.

The understanding is that the IDF has been dealing with that for some time since the beginning

of the Gaza War, but now they're faced with the end of the story, the tunnels

beneath what we're told is what's left of Rafa, the village that is divided by the international

border. What is important for the

listeners to understand in these coming days? What are we watching for in

tunnel warfare? Good evening to you. Good evening and thank you for having me.

Indeed, Raf Rafah is the kind of like the last piece of the operation in Gaza following

the you know atrocious October 7th attack against Israel.

And it's a very important place, Rafah.

It's the place where Gaza meets Egypt,

and this is also the location of many many cross-border

tunnels between Gaza and Egypt so these tunnels are dug by Hamas on the Gaza side and they exit in Egyptian territory.

They've been there since the late 1990s.

They've always been regarded by Egypt as an economic threat because they were

used to smuggling goods and avoid Egyptian taxation.

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