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The Guardian Archive Longread.

Hi, I'm Nicholas Milder, and I'm the author of The Revolt Against Liberalism,

What's Driving Poland and Hungary's Nativist Turn, which was published in the Guardian Long Read in 2021.

I wrote this story at a time when many people were trying to take stock of what had happened in Eastern and Central Europe in the three decades since the fall of the Iron Curtain in

1989. And it was a moment of reflection to ask, where has Eastern Europe come from? What is the

balance sheet after 30 years? And this was before

the war in Ukraine. And the thing that really stood out at the time was that while many countries

had gotten a lot richer, they hadn't necessarily all embraced Western liberal politics.

And Poland, which was then under the Law and Justice Party of the Kaczynski government,

and Hungary under

Viktor Orban, were the two most prominent states that had really turned away from liberalism.

So I was drawn to this story because these seemed to be things that didn't really match the

standard narrative that we had in the West of an end of history, a convergence on liberal norms.

...