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This is Scientific American's 60-second science. I'm Christopher in Taguata.

We humans often navigate using road. This is Scientific American's 60 Second Science. I'm Christopher in Taliatta.

We humans often navigate using road signs and GPS.

Elephants, though, they can navigate over long distances using their incredible memories.

An elephant never forgets, right?

But it's also been suggested here and there that maybe olfaction and their exceptional sense of smell is what's critical in these long-distance movements.

Connie Allen is a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter in the UK.

She and her colleagues investigated that idea by testing African elephants' ability to tune in on a very specific smell, urine.

You see, elephants pee a lot, up to 15 gallons a day,

and that urine can contain an array of chemical cues. But first, to test all this, the researchers needed some pee. So they headed to a spot along Botswana's Botetti River and waited.

We would wait for elephants to urinate and within 20 minutes go and collect these fresh urine samples.

Then they set up camera traps on seven elephant trails.

You can actually hear an elephant brushing against a bush here.

After observing the elephant's natural behavior on those paths, they noticed that a majority of them investigated scents along the trail, especially elephants traveling alone. And that's an indication

the researchers say that sense may serve as signposts along the trail. Next, they placed those urine samples they'd gathered

along the trails, and they found that for at least two days, passing elephants train their trunks

on the samples, especially samples from mature adults. That's another indication that scent might be

...