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This is Science Quickly. I'm Andrea Thompson, Scientific Americans News Editor for Earth and Environment.

Summer means sun, heat, sand, and the start of hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean.

From June 1st to November 30th, tropical storms and hurricanes can spin up over the warm waters,

bringing punishing winds, torrential rains, and pounding surf when they hit land.

Our ability to forecast these massive storms has improved considerably in the last few decades.

But they can still throw us plenty of curveballs.

To help us understand the secrets of these meteorological mysteries,

we're talking to Kim Wood, an assistant professor of meteorology at Mississippi State University.

Hey, Kim, thanks for joining us.

Thank you. I'm happy to be here.

So to start with, what happens to turn a mishmash of thunderstorms into this monster cyclone,

you know, really take us into the heart of the beast? So when a storm has the potential to become a tropical cyclone, the generic term for a tropical storm or a hurricane, it needs certain ingredients to be in place.

So we need those thunderstorms to be there as sort of the seed disturbance.

But for that to then become this organized storm, the ocean needs to be warm enough to provide energy to keep those thunderstorms going.

There needs to be air rising.

There needs to be moisture because they're clouds.

They need that water vapor to exist.

...