review the layers of protection that you think exists and I'm going to start with what

the DC circuit said.

So the first layer of protection is that attorneys general and other Justice Department attorneys

can be trusted to act in a

professional and ethical manner, right? Yes. How robust is that protection?

I mean most of the vast majority of attorneys general and Justice Department of Attorneys,

and we both served in the Justice Department for a long time, are honorable people and they take their professional ethical

responsibility seriously but there had been exceptions right both among

attorneys general and among federal prosecutors.

There have been rare exceptions, Justice Alito.

So as for attorneys general, there have been two who were convicted of criminal offenses

while in office.

There were others, A Mitchell Palmer's one that comes to mind

who is widely regarded as having abused the power of his office. Would you agree with that?

I would, but they are two officials in a long line of attorneys generals who did not and in

departments of justice that are staffed by multiple people who do adhere to their office.

So moving on to the second level of protection that the DC Circuit cited,

federal grand juries will shield former presidents from unwarranted indictments.

How much protection is that?

Well, it affords two levels of protection.

One is the probable cause finding requires evidence.

I think some of the fears about groundless prosecutions

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