This is Democracy Now, democracynow.org, the war and peace report.

I'm Amy Goodman.

As we continue our look at the 20th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Iraq and the cost

of war with need of Crawford, Professor of International Relations at Oxford University,

and co-director of the cost of war project at Brown University.

She's also author of the new book, The Pentagon Climate Change and War, charting the rise

and fall of U.S. military emissions.

Welcome back to Democracy Now, Professor Crawford.

It's great to have you with us.

Thank you for doing part two of this interview as we, in part one, we really looked at the

new report you came out on this 20th anniversary of the Iraq War, but you go broad in this book.

And over more than a century of U.S. military spending and build up and what that means for

the environment, the Pentagon climate change and war.

Why don't you take us on a brief trip through history?

Well, war used to be fought basically with arms and legs and draft animals and wind power

and ores and so on.

But in the early 19th century with the invention of the steam engine, war became more industrialized.

Of course, steam power was either wood or coal powered.

And this is the beginning of the military industrialization process, which launches a lot of emissions.

At first coal through the 19th century and in the early 20th century, what happens is many military

shifts to using petroleum.

And then, of course, that increases the capacity for mechanization and speed.

...