Hi, this is Tom, and in this episode I'm going to be going through broncopulmonary dysplasia.

And you can find notes at zero to finals.com slash broncopulmonary dysplasia and in the zero to finals pediatrics book.

And you can find flashcards and questions at members. and in the zero to finals pediatrics book.

And you can find flashcards and questions at members.0.0.com.

So let's jump straight in.

Broncopulmonary dysplasia involves long-term lung dysfunction in premature babies. The risk increases with lower gestational age and lower

birth weight. Maternal smoking and intrauterine growth restriction are major risk factors.

It's usually diagnosed when the infant requires oxygen beyond 36 weeks

gestational age. Lung inflammation, oxidative stress and growth factors, for example, transforming

growth factor beta contribute to the development of broncopulmonary dysplasia.

The lungs undergo abnormal repair and remodeling, leading to changes that impair the lung function.

Let's go through the clinical features.

The clinical features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia include low oxygen saturations, where

the baby requires oxygen therapy, increased work of breathing, poor feeding and poor weight gain, crackles and wheezes on chest

excultation, and an increased susceptibility to infections.

Next let's talk about prevention.

Cortico-steroids, for example intramuscular beta-methasone, are given to mothers with signs of premature

labour at less than 35 weeks gestation. This speeds up the fetal lung development before birth

and reduces the risk of bronchcopulmonary dysplasia.

The risk can be reduced further by using CPAP rather than intubation and ventilation whenever

possible, using caffeine to stimulate the respiratory effort, and not over-oxygenating with extra supplementary oxygen.

Finally, let's talk about management. An overnight oxymetry study can be used to record the

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