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I'm John Dutcher with Jonathan Healy. Professor Jonathan Healy, a social historian,

an associate professor at Oxford University. His new book is The Blazing World,

a new history of the Revolutionary England, 1603 to 1689. Jonathan mentions the

Scottish Revolt, but that's the first of many rising up against the absolute power of

the king. We need now to go quickly through the 1630s and the 1640s because the king's power

is challenged not only by religionists, but also by people who have been

disappointed about his way of exacting penalties, exacting taxes, and what is an effect

tyrannical. The word tyranny is used all the time.

Jonathan, the fighting begins almost casually in the early 1640s, with the king riding around with retainers,

that is to say, his private army, traveling with him. At the time, there was no army is that correct that when you when the king needed men to

fight with him

he called to his lords and they'd raise the army so is the king understood to be

at this point ordinary walk uh... riding

with his protectors or is this seen to be a step back a weakness on his part?

Well, I mean, he's the, if you like the sort of, the kind of Rubicon moment, if you like, is when in,

...