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This is Scientific Americans 60 Second Science.

I'm Karen Hopkins.

Don't mess with a monkey, because if you do, he might take revenge on your family and friends.

That's according to a study of Japanese macaques,

which shows that monkeys keep track of each other's associates and make use of that intel when it comes time for payback.

The findings are in the Royal Society Journal, Open Science.

Researchers were interested in the question of how primates suss out social relationships,

knowledge that can come in handy for maneuvering within a complex society.

To assess how the macaques obtain and make use of such social know-how, the researchers decided to focus on

episodes of aggression, a common feature of Simeon interactions. They went through more than 500 hours of

video recordings showing the exchanges that took place in a group of 57 macaques living in the Rome Zoo,

monkeys whose genealogical ties are well known.

And they parsed some 15,000 episodes of aggression, noting the relationships among the individuals

involved. First, they confirmed that monkeys that find themselves at the receiving end of

aggression tend to turn around and take it out on a third party. And that retaliation is often directed

at a relative of the original aggressor. But how do the monkeys determine whose kin? Well, one way would be

that they've been around long enough to have watched each other grow up. But that doesn't seem to be

...