Understanding the human body is a team effort. That's where the Yachtel group comes in.

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When it comes to a guide for your gut, count on YacLt.

This is Scientific Americans' 60-second science.

I'm Jason Goldman. Got a minute?

Hundreds of millions of years ago, a humble fish swam in the lakes and rivers of the supercontinent Gondwana.

Eventually, Gondwana broke apart becoming the continents we know today, and the descendants of that fish, now called cichlids, continue to swim the

fresh waters of both Africa and South America. Scyclets have some of the most incredible visual

systems known. Humans have genes that code for three different types of visual pigments called

opcins. Cyclyds have seven. But what is interesting within cyclics, which is this group of very diverse fishes,

is that they can express different sets of these seven genes.

So they only express three typically, but different species express different groups of these

seven genes.

Biologist Daniel Escobar Camacho from the University

of Maryland in College Park. So for example, we have an opting gene that codes for the blue, green,

and red optin, whereas cyclists have genes that are sensitive to UV, to violet, to blue,

to blue green, to green, let's say light green, and red.

But selection pressure has kept only some of those genes intact.

African cichlids, whose visual systems are well-studied, evolved in fairly clear, calm

...