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Hello and welcome to the history of China. Episode 180, dismounting the horse to sit the dragon.

Last time we left off with Kublai Khan, beginning to wake up to the fact that in spite of his lofty

titles and claims of universal sovereignty, he could not bring his estranged extended family members to heal and was

therefore the great Khan of the Mongols in name only. His mandate of rule was

indeed vast including Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, Northern China, and more and more, even the recalcitrant

song territories bending to his will.

But his reach was not infinite.

Though he did not yet realize or truly accept it, the fact was that by about 1265,

Kublai's empire had reached what would become its permanent borders.

So today, we'll be following not his continued external campaigns and attempts at further

...